Based on the search result provided, the concept of "cartouches" refers to the oval-shaped symbols containing the names of Egyptian pharaohs, written in hieroglyphs. These cartouches started appearing around the end of the 3rd dynasty and became more common in the 4th dynasty. A typical cartouche would include two names:

  1. The penultimate name: Beginning with the honorary title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt," followed by the pharaoh's chosen name, e.g., "The King of Upper and Lower Egypt Ramses II."

  2. The last name: Starting with the honorific title "son of Ra" or "son of Re" (according to the era), along with the pharaoh's chosen name, such as "The son of Ra Ramses II."

Additionally, due to multiple pharaohs sharing similar names, cartouches sometimes included a numbering system to indicate how many times a specific name had been utilized within a family. Hieroglyphic numerals represented this count at the end of the cartouche. An interesting point mentioned is that the term 'cartouche' itself does not originate from ancient Egyptian language; instead, it comes from French soldiers serving in Napoleon Bonaparte's Campaign of Egypt. They likened the shape of these symbols to the powder cartridges ('cartouches de poudre') of their firearms.

Sources:

egyptian-history.com

en.wikipedia.org

pharaoh.se

Sure! Based on your search results, it seems like you were looking for information about "Cartouches d'égyptiens pharaons," which translates to "Pharaonic cartouches" in English. Here is some information about this topic:

A cartouche is an oval frame containing hieroglyphics that was used in ancient Egypt to identify and protect the names of royalty, particularly the pharaohs. The word "cartouche" comes from the French word for cartridge, referring to the shape of modern bullet casings. However, the name is fitting because the protective nature of these frames can also be seen as a metaphorical shield against evil forces.

The use of cartouches began during the Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt, around 2650 BCE. They typically contained one or more of the five names associated with each pharaoh. These included their birth name, throne name, Horus name, Nebti name, and Golden Falcon name. Each name represented different aspects of the pharaoh's power and identity. By placing them inside a cartouche, they became sacred and inviolable.

The design of the cartouche itself has several elements worth noting. It consists of an elongated oval shape, often surrounded by a line or two to create a border effect. At either end of the horizontal axis, there may be a pair of small loops resembling knots. Sometimes, the entire cartouche is framed by a loop at the top, making it look like a closed circuit. This visual language reinforces the idea of containment and protection.

The use of cartouches spread beyond the royal court during the New Kingdom period (around 1550-1077 BCE), when members of the nobility and even non-royals started adopting similar practices. For example, Queen Nefertiti, wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, had her own cartouche.

In summary, pharaonic cartouches were a significant aspect of ancient Egyptian art and writing. They served both practical and symbolic purposes, protecting the identities of the powerful while connecting them to divine energies through the use of hieroglyphics.

Sources:

ancienne-egypte.com

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